![]() ![]() Thus, what previous reported LTM, as well as short-term, mid-term, and anaesthesia-resistant components, represent context-independent memories that can be retrieved using the conditioned odour alone. Reinstatement of the copper grid has been overlooked in all previous extensive publications concerning aversive classic olfactory conditioning in Drosophila 7, 8, 9, 10. This makes the memory-encoding context be fully reinstated for recall. To reveal this novel component, we had to reinstate the copper grid, which was used in the training tube for conducting electric shocks, into the testing tube. ![]() Such component was formed immediately without the requirement of consolidation time or new protein synthesis. However, in the present work, we showed that the same single-trial training induces a latent memory component that lasts for at least 14 days without decaying. In contrast, the memory produced by single-trial training, yields only short-term, mid-term, and anaesthesia-resistant memory components that largely decay away within 24 h 3, 6. In the case of aversive olfactory conditioning in Drosophila, the formation of LTM that lasts for at least 7 days requires spaced repetitive training that induces transcription factor-mediated multi-hour consolidation 3, 5. This process requires the synthesis of new proteins that supports long-lasting changes in synaptic morphology 3, 4, 5. The consolidation theory suggests that LTM needs hours to convert labile memory to LTM 1, 2, 3. The present study provides strong evidence that long-term memory can be formed easily without the need for consolidation.Ĭommon sense believes that long-term memory (LTM) is difficult to form for it requires repeated efforts for acquiring. The cLTM cannot be retrieved if synaptic transmission from any one of these centres is blocked, with effects similar to those of altered encoding context during retrieval. It is mediated through lateral-horn neurons that connect to multiple sensory brain regions. Unlike retrieval of traditional LTM, which requires only the conditioned odour and is mediated by mushroom-body neurons, cLTM recall requires both the conditioned odour and reinstatement of the training-environmental context. Single-trial conditioning yields cLTM that is formed immediately in a protein-synthesis independent manner and is sustained over 14 days without decay. However, the current study uses Drosophila aversive olfactory conditioning to show that such processes are dispensable for context-dependent LTM (cLTM). It is believed that long-term memory (LTM) cannot be formed immediately because it must go through a protein synthesis-dependent consolidation process. ![]()
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